Machine Understandable Contracts with Deep Learning

This research investigates the automatic translation of contracts to computer understandable rules trough Natural Language Processing. The most challenging aspect, which is studied throughout this paper, is to understand the meaning of the contract and express it into a structured format. This problem can be reduced to the Named Entity Recognition and Rule Extraction tasks, the latter handles the extraction of terms and conditions. These two problems are difficult, but deep learning models can tackle them. We think that this paper is the first work to approach Rule Extraction with deep learning. This method is data-hungry, so the research also introduces data sets for these two tasks. Additionally, it contributes to the literature by introducing Law-Bert, a model based on BERT which is pre-trained on unlabelled contracts. The results obtained on Named Entity Recognition and Rule Extraction show that pre-training on contracts has a positive effect on performance for the downstream tasks

"ALTERNATIF PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DALAM PENENTUAN SUPPLIER INDUSTRI MANUFAKTUR BERBASIS BILL of MATERIAL DAN GROUP TECHNOLOGY"

"Pemilihan supplier merupakan permasalahan yang komplek pada era Industri 4.0 sekarang ini. Banyaknya jumlah supplier dengan kualitas performansi yang berbeda-beda menyebabkan sulitnya pihak internal perusahaan untuk memilih supplier yang sesuai. Di sisi lain macam-macam bahan baku yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat produk jadi, sangat beragam. Kesesuaian supplier berkualitas yang diperlukan untuk memasok bahan baku yang dibutuhkan oleh industri menjadi hal yang penting untuk diselesaikan. Begitupun halnya dengan industri perakitan traktor tangan, industri kecil menengah ini juga sangat tergantung pada ketersediaan bahan pasokan, dan sudah pasti tergantung pula dengan pemilihan supplier itu sendiri. Penelitian disertasi ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh metode terbaru untuk memilih supplier pada industri manufaktur dengan studi kasus pada perakitan industri kecil traktor tangan. Penelitian disertasi ini diawali dengan kegiatan studi literatur melalui FGD, dan studi pustaka, kemudian diikuti dengan pembuatan desain prototipe aplikasi. Dimana untuk menyusun database bahan baku disusun menggunakan struktur produk pada Bill of Material, penentuan bobot kriteria optimal menggunakan Genetic Algorythms dan pemilihan supplier menggunakan metode multi criteria decision making. Studi kasus penelitian ini di sentra Industri Logam Ceper Klaten Solo, yaitu di Politeknik Manufaktur Ceper. Sedangkan pelaksanaan penelitiannya di Lab Komputasional dan Sistem Informasi serta Laboratorium Rekayasa Sistem Informasi Politeknik Negeri Jember. Uji coba aplikasi diimplementasikan pada studi kasus sesungguhnya, dengan data supplier 153, data bahan baku 70 bahan baku dengan variabel kriteria pemilihan supplier sebanyak 10 variabel. Pada tahap akhir diverifikasi menggunakan kuesioner online Google Form, dengan data responden sebanyak 101, banyaknya responden yg memilih “Sangat mudah” dan “Mudah” atau “Sangat lengkap” dan “Lengkap” atau “Sangat tepat” dan “Tepat” > 80 %, ini menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi / web yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini sesuai dengan harapan IKM pengguna (Verified). Kata kunci : Pemilihan pemasok, Computational intelegence, Bill of Material, Group Technology, Multi Criteria Decision Making dan Genetic Algorythms.

Apartemen Mahasiswa di Solo dengan Pendekatan Arsitektur Kontemporer

Science is very important for a country. Especially in developing countries like Indonesia. The development of education in Indonesia today is very alarming. This can be proven by UNESCO data (2000) about the ranking of the Human Development Index (Human Development Index), namely the composition of the rankings of achievement of education, health and income per head. In fact, Indonesia's human development index is declining. The cause of the decline in the quality of education in Indonesia is one in the field of technology and facilities and infrastructure that support education. Therefore, at this time it is very important to improve educational facilities and infrastructure in various regions in Indonesia, one of which is in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The Surakarta area, precisely in Jebres District, has educational potential, especially for tertiary institutions. In Solo itself is currently improving facilities and infrastructure, one of which is a student apartment. The development of prospective students in the city of Solo continues to increase every year, this can be seen from the last 3 years of 2016, 2017, 2018 the number of students in the City of Solo that continues to increase The current condition of the campus environment in Surakarta currently has several concepts, including; Green Building; Contemporary; Traditional in several universities. Examples of the application of Green Building with a combination of Contemporary include; Air conditioning by using a centralized air conditioner with VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume) technology; Lighting using LED lights; Waste water recycling; and The use of glass with emissions. By carrying out this concept, contemporary architectural design will be applied with a combination of green building concepts, current and environmentally friendly. Seeing from the above quote, the importance of improving infrastructure in the form of apartments by carrying out the concept of contemporary architectur

Pengaruh Variasi Diameter Lubang Dan Bentuk Profil Elektroda Serta Jumlah Pelat Netral Terhadap Produksi Brown Gas

Sumber energi yang berasal dari bahan bakar fosil semakin lama akan habis, dengan demikian perlu dicari energi alternatif lain sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil. Elektrolisis merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengatasi ketergantungan bahan bakar fosil tersebut. Elektrolisis adalah proses penguraian molekul air (H2O) menjadi hidrogen (H2) dan oksigen (O2) dengan bantuan energi listrik sebagai pemicu untuk proses tersebut. Dalam proses elektroda dibutuhkan dua elektroda untuk ditempatkan dalam air. Reaksi elektrolisis adalah reaksi redoks, di mana reaksi reduksi terjadi pada katoda yang membentuk hidrogen dan oksidasi terjadi pada anoda dan membentuk oksigen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi dalam diameter lubang elektroda, bentuk elektroda dan jumlah pelat netral pada produksi Alis Gas dengan menggunakan NaOH sebagai katalis. Elektroda yang digunakan adalah polos, kotak, lingkaran dan bentuk silang, dan diameter lubang elektroda adalah 5 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm dan 12 mm. selain itu jumlah plat netral bervariasi 4 buah, 6 buah dan 8 buah. NaOH yang dilarutkan dalam air memiliki persentase 1,77%. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa laju produksi meningkat karena jumlah pelat netral meningkat dan daya yang dibutuhkan oleh generator juga meningkat, tetapi efisiensi generator lebih kecil. Diameter lubang elektroda dan bentuk elektroda juga memengaruhi produksi gas Brow'n, hal ini karena luas penampang elektroda yang bersentuhan dengan elektrolit juga memiliki nilai yang berbeda. Nilai produktivitas tertinggi pada elektroda bentuk silang, diameter lubang elektroda 10 mm dan jumlah pelat netral 8 buah, dan terendah dalam bentuk elektroda polos, diameter lubang 5 mm, dan 4 pelat netral. Efisiensi generator terendah dalam variasi elektroda adalah bentuk lingkaran, diameter lubang elektroda adalah 12 mm dan penggunaan 8 pelat netral dan terbesar di elektroda persegi, diameter lubang elektroda 12 mm, dan 4 pelat netra

Peran Polaritas Minyak Nabati Terhadap Karakter Sidik Warna Nyala Api Spray Pembakaran Minyak Jarak, Kelapa, Sawit dan Kapok

Ketersediaan bahan bakar fosil yang semakin berkurang dan menyebabkan harga fluktuatif dan dampak negatif dari bahan bakar fosil untuk mendorong para peneliti untuk mencari bahan bakar alternatif terbarukan. Biofuel dapat menggantikan Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM), yaitu : bioetanol, biodiesel dan biomassa. Biodiesel untuk mengantikan solar, bioetanol untuk mengantikan premium dan biomassa untuk menganti minyak tanah. Dengan demikian penting utuk mengadakan penelitian pada bidang biofuel khususnya minyak nabati. Dalam penelitian ini Pengujian awal yang dilakukan adalah komposisi asam lemak dari minyak nabati minyak jarak, minyak kapok, minyak kelapa dan minyak sawit kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pengujian sifat fisik dan kimianya. Setelah itu dilakukan dengan pengujian nyala api spray pembakarannya untuk mengetahui pengaruh polaritas minyak nabati terhadap tahap pembakaran dan sidik warna pembakaran. Tahap pembakaran yang terjadi pada minyak nabati: minyak jarak, minyak kelapa, minyak sawit, minyak kapuk yaitu pada minyak jarak dari 2, 3 dan 4 tahapan pembakaran seiring dengan meningkatnya tekanan, pada minyak kelapa 1 dan 2 tahapan pembakaran seiring dengan meningkatnya tekanan, sedangkan pada minyak sawit 1 tahapan pembakaran, pada minyak kapuk 1 tahapan pembakaran. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya asam lemak jenuh dan tak jenuh pada minyak nabati yang mengakibatkan minyak jarak dengan kandungan asam lemak tak jenuh yang dominan sehingga lebih reaktif dalam pembakaran. Sedangkan pada minyak kelapa yang memiliki asam lemak tak jenuh lebih dominan tetapi dalam pembakaran lebih reaktif dibandingkan dengan minyak sawit dan kapuk dikarenakan pengaruh dari polaritas yang tinggi dari minyak kelapa. Hasil sidik warna minyak nabati: minyak jarak, minyak kelapa, minyak sawit, minyak kapuk yaitu mendapatkan kedekatan warna jika dibandingkan dengan solar dari yang paling tinggi kerendah yaitu minyak kelapa, minyak jarak dan minyak sawit dan minyak kapuk hal ini dipengaruhi adanya polaritas dan kadar asam lemak jenuh dan tak jenuh yang mengakibatkan reaktifitas pembakaran minyak nabati berbeda-beda yang mengakibatkan sidik warna dari masing-masing minyak nabati menjadi khas

Antibiotics for the primary prevention of acute rheumatic fever: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rheumatic fever continues to put a significant burden on the health of low socio-economic populations in low and middle-income countries despite the near disappearance of the disease in the developed world over the past century. Antibiotics have long been thought of as an effective method for preventing the onset of acute rheumatic fever following a Group-A streptococcal (GAS) throat infection; however, their use has not been widely adopted in developing countries for the treatment of sore throats. We have used the tools of systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for sore throat, with symptoms suggestive of group A streptococcal (GAS) infection, for the primary prevention of acute rheumatic fever. METHODS: Trials were identified through a systematic search of titles and abstracts found in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2003), MEDLINE (1966–2003), EMBASE (1966–2003), and the reference lists of identified studies. The selection criteria included randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of antibiotics versus no antibiotics for the prevention of rheumatic fever in patients presenting with a sore throat, with or without confirmation of GAS infection, and no history of rheumatic fever. RESULTS: Ten trials (n = 7665) were eligible for inclusion in this review. The methodological quality of the studies, in general, was poor. All of the included trials were conducted during the period of 1950 and 1961 and in 8 of the 10 trials the study population consisted of young adult males living on United States military bases. Fixed effects, meta-analysis revealed an overall protective effect for the use of antibiotics against acute rheumatic fever of 70% (RR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.21–0.48). The absolute risk reduction was 1.67% with an NNT of 53. When meta-analysis was restricted to include only trials evaluating penicillin, a protective effect of 80% was found (Fixed effect RR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.11–0.36) with an NNT of 60. The marginal cost of preventing one case of rheumatic fever by a single intramuscular injection of penicillin is approximately US$46 in South Africa. CONCLUSION: Antibiotics appear to be effective in reducing the incidence of acute rheumatic fever following an episode of suspected GAS pharyngitis. This effect may be achieved at relatively low cost if a single intramuscular penicillin injection is administered

Neutrophils in cancer: neutral no more

Neutrophils are indispensable antagonists of microbial infection and facilitators of wound healing. In the cancer setting, a newfound appreciation for neutrophils has come into view. The traditionally held belief that neutrophils are inert bystanders is being challenged by the recent literature. Emerging evidence indicates that tumours manipulate neutrophils, sometimes early in their differentiation process, to create diverse phenotypic and functional polarization states able to alter tumour behaviour. In this Review, we discuss the involvement of neutrophils in cancer initiation and progression, and their potential as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets

Understanding and retention of the informed consent process among parents in rural northern Ghana

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The individual informed consent model remains critical to the ethical conduct and regulation of research involving human beings. Parental informed consent process in a rural setting of northern Ghana was studied to describe comprehension and retention among parents as part of the evaluation of the existing informed consent process.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study involved 270 female parents who gave consent for their children to participate in a prospective cohort study that evaluated immune correlates of protection against childhood malaria in northern Ghana. A semi-structured interview with questions based on the informed consent themes was administered. Parents were interviewed on their comprehension and retention of the process and also on ways to improve upon the existing process.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The average parental age was 33.3 years (range 18–62), married women constituted a majority (91.9%), Christians (71.9%), farmers (62.2%) and those with no formal education (53.7%). Only 3% had ever taken part in a research and 54% had at least one relation ever participate in a research. About 90% of parents knew their children were involved in a research study that was not related to medical care, and 66% said the study procedures were thoroughly explained to them. Approximately, 70% recalled the study involved direct benefits compared with 20% for direct risks. The majority (95%) understood study participation was completely voluntary but only 21% recalled they could withdraw from the study without giving reasons. Younger parents had more consistent comprehension than older ones. Maternal reasons for allowing their children to take part in the research were free medical care (36.5%), better medical care (18.8%), general benefits (29.4%), contribution to research in the area (8.8%) and benefit to the community (1.8%). Parental suggestions for improving the consent process included devoting more time for explanations (46.9%), use of the local languages (15.9%) and obtaining consent at home (10.3%).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Significant but varied comprehension of the informed consent process exists among parents who participate in research activities in northern Ghana and it appears the existing practices are fairly effective in informing research participants in the study area.</p

Human papillomavirus prevalence, viral load and pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix in women initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: a cross-sectional study

Background Cervical cancer and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both important public health problems in South Africa (SA). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs), high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), HPV viral load and HPV genotypes in HIV positive women initiating anti-retroviral (ARV) therapy. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted at an anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment clinic in Cape Town, SA in 2007. Cervical specimens were taken for cytological analysis and HPV testing. The Digene Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) test was used to detect HR-HPV. Relative light units (RLU) were used as a measure of HPV viral load. HPV types were determined using the Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping test. Crude associations with abnormal cytology were tested and multiple logistic regression was used to determine independent risk factors for abnormal cytology. Results The median age of the 109 participants was 31 years, the median CD4 count was 125/mm3, 66.3% had an abnormal Pap smear, the HR-HPV prevalence was 78.9% (Digene), the median HPV viral load was 181.1 RLU (HC2 positive samples only) and 78.4% had multiple genotypes. Among women with abnormal smears the most prevalent HR-HPV types were HPV types 16, 58 and 51, all with a prevalence of 28.5%. On univariate analysis HR-HPV, multiple HPV types and HPV viral load were significantly associated with the presence of low and high-grade SILs (LSIL/HSIL). The multivariate logistic regression showed that HPV viral load was associated with an increased odds of LSIL/HSIL, odds ratio of 10.7 (95% CI 2.0 – 57.7) for those that were HC2 positive and had a viral load of ≤ 181.1 RLU (the median HPV viral load), and 33.8 (95% CI 6.4 – 178.9) for those that were HC2 positive with a HPV viral load > 181.1 RLU. Conclusion Women initiating ARVs have a high prevalence of abnormal Pap smears and HR-HPV. Our results underscore the need for locally relevant, rigorous screening protocols for the increasing numbers of women accessing ARV therapy so that the benefits of ARVs are not partially offset by an excess risk in cervical cancer